Assessment of Potential Non-Carcinogenic Risk from Heavy Metal Intake through Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) Consumption in the Mostar Region
This study evaluated the potential non-carcinogenic health risks for adults and children associated with the intake of heavy metals (Cu, As, Cd, Pb) through Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) consumption in the Mostar region, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The concentrations of heavy metals in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) were within the permitted national limits (Cu: 1.06–2.8 mg/kg, As: 0.004–0.014 mg/kg, Cd: 0.025–0.051 mg/kg, Pb: <LOQ–0.047 mg/kg). No significant differences were observed among samples from different market locations.Risk assessment, based on body weight, intake rates, and reference doses, indicated low exposure levels in adults (Hazard Quotient, HQ < 1). Children showed higher Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and HQ values, but these also remained below the safety threshold (HQ < 1).Although all concentrations complied with regulatory standards, the comparatively higher intake in children may indicate potential long-term health concerns, especially when cumulative exposure from other dietary sources (cereals, fruits, vegetables, water) is considered. These results underline the importance of ongoing monitoring and preventive strategies to reduce potential heavy metal exposure, particularly in sensitive population groups.