Introduction

The aim of this research was to analyze consumer perceptions, trust, and needs regarding halal products, with a focus on identifying key trends and obstacles. Survey results revealed a high level of awareness about the importance of halal certification, with 60% of respondents expressing full trust in labels, 30% partial trust, and 10% expressing doubts. The main motives for purchasing halal products include religious reasons (50%), health benefits (30%), and quality assurance (20%). The age structure of respondents shows that the majority are between 30 and 50 years old (70%), while those over 50 years old make up 20%, and those under 30 years old account for only 10%. Regarding product availability, more than half of respondents (55%) find the range unsatisfactory, particularly in the meat and dairy product segments. These groups were highlighted as priorities for improving the offering. Respondents also suggested greater focus on consumer education and certification transparency. Recommendations for improvement include developing specialized store shelves, increasing product diversity, and investing in marketing aimed at raising awareness of halal product benefits. Additionally, introducing extra controls and strengthening trust through education and public campaigns are proposed. This research contributes to understanding consumer needs and can serve as a basis for further strategies to develop the halal product market, aiming to meet consumer expectations and strengthen trust in halal certification.

: Sebum is an oily liquid produced by the sebaceous glands. It serves as a protective barrier for the skin, keeping it hydrated and enhancing its elasticity. Sebum contains triglycerides, fatty acids, wax esters, antioxidant squalene, and cholesterol. While the highest concentration of sebum is produced on the face, it is also present on other parts of the skin, including the scalp. Excessive sebum secretion leads to oily skin, but even dry and normal skin types produce a certain amount of sebum. Cleansing foams and tonics for oily skin have an advantage over other pharmaceutical products, such as creams, soaps, and liquid powders, as they can be applied to all areas of the skin. Niacinamide (C 6 H 6 N 2 O) is a pyridinecarboxyamide and organic molecule belonging to the vitamin B group. In recent years, niacinamide has become widely used in cosmetology for the formulation of various pharmaceutical products, primarily for dermal application. However, it is also incorporated into shampoos and hair tonics. Niacinamide is effective in reducing sebum levels on the skin, providing hydration, strengthening the skin's protective barrier, and minimizing visible wrinkles. This study explores the effectiveness of niacinamide as an active component in tonics and foams, along with the stability of these formulations, their microbiological purity, and in vivo testing on volunteers. The MPA 6 device, used in skin bioengineering, was employed to measure the amount of sebum on volunteers' facial skin before and after using a cleansing foam for oily skin.

: Water preparation for industrial use commonly involves a multi-stage approach to raw water treatment. The selection of individual treatment operations is based on various factors. Adherence to regulations and standards on water quality for a specific purpose is of key importance, as the entire treatment process should meet or exceed applicable regulatory standards. In the selected plant for the preparation of industrial water, an evaluation of the efficiency and economy of the process was carried out by comparing the results of water analysis before and after each treatment, by reviewing the justification of the location of the process units in the treatment line, and by analyzing the selected process parameters. The results of water analyzes confirmed that adequate selection and location of unit operations in the raw water treatment line can have multiple beneficial effects in meeting water quality requirements for the desired purpose.

<p>Waste management is becoming an increasingly important factor in the context of climate change, particularly due to methane emissions from landfills, which have a significantly stronger warming effect than carbon dioxide. The City of Prnjavor, facing challenges related to the growth of municipal waste and limited infrastructure, represents a representative example of a local community in transition toward a more sustainable waste management system. The aim of this research is to assess greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the waste sector and identify optimal strategies for their reduction.</p> <p>The methodology is based on the IPCC Tier 1 approach for GHG emission estimation, applied to three waste management scenarios: full landfilling, partial recycling, and a combination of recycling and composting. The analysis includes emissions from waste collection, transport, and final treatment, as well as avoided emissions resulting from the processing of recyclable and biodegradable fractions.</p> <p>Results show that the scenario combining recycling and composting can reduce total GHG emissions by 37% compared to the baseline scenario.</p> <p>The conclusions suggest that transitioning to selective waste collection and treatment, along with strengthening institutional capacities, has the potential to enable efficient emission reductions and improve the waste management system, without the need for major infrastructure investments.</p>

Aim: To investigate whether additional treatment of ischemic heart disease with trimetazidine, proper nutrition and physical activity could decrease the number of rehospitalizations and overall quality of life of patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods: The study included 200 patients with ischemic heart disease. The sample is divided into 2 randomly selected groups: the experimental and control group. The diagnostic procedures included: trade-mill test according to Bruce protocol, heart ultrasound for assessment of ejection fraction, test for the assessment of quality of life and subjective problems (Short Form SF 36). Patients were tested on time of discharge from hospital, after 6 and 12 months, including reevaluation of the overall condition of the previous period. Results: Patients have been tested for the endurance of effort with the measurement Metabolic Equivalent of TASK (METs) which is the equivalent of physical labor. Patients treated with trimetazidine since the time of hospital discharge have achieved an average of 3.68, after 6 months 5.68, and after 12 months 7.79 METs. Control and experimental groups showed a significant difference in the number of hospitalizations for the periods of 6 months and 12 months after treatment. Fewer hospitalizations were in the group treated with trimetazidine than in those with only conventional therapy after 6 and 12 months. There is a significant difference in values Respondents' attitudes about how much they shortened their time at work or other activities as a result of physical health before starting therapy (Ppt <0.001), as well as for a period of 12 months after starting therapy shows a significant difference (P12 <0.001). The results we have for HDL and LDL after the clinical study show that patients who were on conventional therapy and trimetazidine and who used a proper diet as well as those who had physical activity, that their HDL and LDL values were better than at the beginning studies. Conclusion: Patients treated with conventional therapy including trimetazidine have better tolerance to effort and fewer hospitalizations in the comparison with those treated without trimetazidine, so trimetazidine has a beneficial effect on reducing the number of hospitalizations and productiveness at work and improving the quality of life. They had a better lipid status compared to patients who only used conventional therapy. BMI index was better in patients who used trimetazidine along with conventional therapy and had better psychological health.

Résumé : Cette thèse porte sur l'investigation, par microscopies à effet tunnel (STM) sous ultra-haut vide (UHV) et à force atomique (AFM) à pression atmosphérique, de réseaux supramoléculaires sur différents types de surfaces, telles que: Au(111), Si(111)-B et HOPG, ainsi que sur l'étude de la synthèse en surface de nanostructures liées de manière covalente. Le premier chapitre présente l'état de l'art des interactions molécule-molécule non covalentes qui régissent l'auto-assemblage supramoléculaire et les méthodes pour obtenir des auto-assemblages covalents. Le deuxième chapitre présente des concepts théoriques, les montages expérimentaux, les procédures de préparation de surfaces propres et des pointes ainsi que les méthodes de des dépôts moléculaires utilisés sous ultra-vide et à pression atmosphérique. Le troisième chapitre est dédié aux résultats obtenus par STM dans le système UHV et à la comparaison de l'étude de l'auto-assemblage supramoléculaire des molécules dipolaires LdipCC sur les surfaces Au(111) et Si (111)-B. Sur la surface Au(111), les molécules LdipCC forment un réseau supramoléculaire poreux étendu qui est régi par des interactions molécule-molécule tandis que sur la surface de Si(111)-B, les molécules LdipCC s'auto-assemblent en un alignement parallèle homogène et étendu de dipôles moléculaires en raison du rôle significatif des interactions molécule-surface.. Le quatrième chapitre est dédié aux résultats obtenus dans les conditions ambiantes et étudiés par AFM en mode « Peak Force Tapping ». Deux types de molécules comportant des chaines alkyles et des groupements éthylène et époxy, ont été étudiés. Nous avons observé des systèmes auto-assemblés en réseaux bidimensionnels sur la surface HOPG. Le réseau supramoléculaire à base d'éthylène a été exposé à un recuit thermique tandis que le réseau supramoléculaire à base d'époxy a été exposé à la lumière UV. Les mécanismes proposés basés sur l'analyse des images AFM en topographie et en d'adhésion suggèrent qu'une réaction de cycloaddition en surface induite thermiquement et une polymérisation initiée par la lumière UV se sont produites sur la surface de HOPG. De cette manière, les réseaux auto-assemblés bidimensionnels sur la surface HOPG ont été convertis en auto-assemblages supra-moléculaires liés de manière covalente.

Consumers today are increasingly aware of the impact of food on health and pursue dietary practices that sustain physical well-being, prevent diseases, and enhance mental health and quality of life. The aim of the research was to determine the attitudes of consumers in the Tuzla Canton regarding the impact of halal diets on reducing health risks associated with obesity and non-communicable diseases. The study employed data analysis on information collected through an anonymous questionnaire administered to respondents in the Tuzla Canton, and compared these findings with secondary data derived from relevant scientific and professional literature on the benefits of halal diets. A high percentage of the most favorable response option on the Likert scale was observed for questions regarding commitment to the consumption of halal products and dishes prepared with halal ingredients (86.3%), awareness of the health benefits of Ramadan fasting (81.6%), and the practice of Ramadan fasting (84.5%). However, despite these high percentages, particularly concerning commitment to halal diets, the proportion of the most favorable responses for questions related to the nutritional aspects of halal diets was notably low; specifically, responses regarding monitoring nutritional information on halal products (23.3%), consuming a diverse range of halal foods while maintaining nutritional balance (11.0%), and consuming halal food in moderation (28.2%). For all three of these questions, the intermediate response option, namely “occasionally,” was frequently selected, with percentages of 60.2%, 61.0%, and 57.8%, respectively. The response to the seventh question confirmed the potential of halal diets in reducing excessive body weight and obesity, as 48.1% of respondents reported a decrease in body weight after Ramadan fasting. The respondents’ answers indicate a positive impact of halal diets on health. The high proportion of intermediate responses for questions of a nutritional nature (nutritional balance, diversity, and moderation) indicates a need for consumer education on the nutritional aspects of halal food. Such education would contribute to establishing a stronger scientific foundation for consumers’ attitudes and experiences regarding halal food, potentially resulting in a higher percentage of respondents providing the most favorable responses to these and similar questions.

Halal quality represents the totality of characteristics of products and services that meet the fundamental attributes of quality, such as health and hygiene safety, as well as compliance with halal standard requirements and Islamic dietary regulations. Halal product certification is carried out proactively using a preventive method to prevent the mixing or occurrence of any amount of ingredients that may have haram status. The modern food production process necessitates the use of rapid methods and techniques for analyzing the origin and quality of food, which is particularly emphasized in the production of halal products. The aim of this study was to validate rapid enzymatic tests for detecting ethanol in prepared samples and finished products and to determine their applicability and reliability in analysis. For the detection of alcohol in products and samples, the XEMATest Alco – an enzymatic test for the semi-quantitative determination of ethanol in samples, produced by XEMA Co. Ltd., was used. For the purpose of this research, 90 analyses were conducted on 18 samples, of which 10 samples were prepared with different ethanol contents ranging from 0.02% to 10%, while 8 samples consisted of commercial alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. The rapid enzymatic tests